Evolutionary Algorithm Study

This webpage contains the experimental material used for the paper titled: “An Empirical Evaluation of Evolutionary Algorithms for Test Suite Generation“, accepted for publication at the international research Symposium on Search-Based Software Engineering (SSBSE) 2017, and an extended version under revision at Information and Software Technology (IST) journal.

Abstract

Context: Evolutionary algorithms have been shown to be effective at generating unit test suites optimised for code coverage. While many specific aspects of these algorithms have been evaluated in detail (e.g., test length and different kinds of techniques aimed at improving performance, like seeding), the influence of the choice of evolutionary algorithm has to date seen less attention in the literature.

Objective: Since it is theoretically impossible to design an algorithm that is the best on all possible problems, a common approach in software engineering problems is to first try the most common algorithm, a Genetic Algorithm, and only afterwards try to refine it or compare it with other algorithms to see if any of them is more suited for the addressed problem. The objective of this paper is to perform this analysis, in order to shed light on the influence of the search algorithm applied for unit test generation.

Method: We empirically evaluate thirteen different evolutionary algorithms and two random approaches on a selection of non-trivial open source classes. All algorithms are implemented in the EvoSuite test generation tool, which includes recent optimisations such as the use of an archive during the search and optimisation for multiple coverage criteria.

Results: Our study shows that the use of a test archive makes evolutionary algorithms clearly better than random testing, and it confirms that the DynaMOSA many-objective search algorithm is the most effective algorithm for unit test generation.

Conclusions: Our results show that the choice of algorithm can have a substantial influence on the performance of whole test suite optimisation. Although we can make a recommendation on which algorithm to use in practice, no algorithm is clearly superior in all cases, suggesting future work on improved search algorithms for unit test generation.

Available Files:

How to cite?

Conference paper

@incollection{CamposSSBSE2017,
  author = {Campos, Jos{\'e} and Ge, Yan and Fraser, Gordon and Eler, Marcelo and Arcuri, Andrea},
  title = {{An Empirical Evaluation of Evolutionary Algorithms for Test Suite Generation}},
  series = {},
  year = {2017},
  isbn = {978-3-319-66299-2},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium Search-Based Software Engineering (SSBSE)},
  volume = {},
  editor = {Menzies, Tim and Petke, Justyna},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-66299-2_3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66299-2_3},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address = {Cham},
  keywords = {},
  pages = {33--48},
}

Journal extension

TBD

Extra data analysis:

The following Table reports the rank of each algorithm (where Rank 1 represents the algorithm that achieved the highest coverage) per class under test and on average, and it also reports the χ2 and p-value of the Friedman test for both single and multiple criteria. Overall, DynaMOSA is ranked first for both single and multiple criteria with χ2 = 1444.49, p-value < 0.0001, and χ2 = 1761.77, p-value = 0, respectively.

CUT Random Search Random Testing Standard GA Monotonic GA Steady-State GA 1 + (λ, λ) EA (μ + λ) EA (μ, λ) EA Breeder GA Cellular GA CRO MOSA DynaMOSA LIPS MIO
Search budget of 60 seconds – Single-criteria
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d.b.s.h.IndexedString 12 8.5 12 4 4 8.5 2 1 8.5 8.5 12 4 6 15 14
d.b.s.StringIncrementor 14 15 3 5 11 9 7 2 4 13 6 1 8 10 12
n.s.b.r.MethodReflectionCriteria 14 15 6 3.5 13 3.5 10 6 8 9 6 1.5 1.5 11 12
n.s.b.r.ReflectionSearch 13 14 10 11 8.5 4 4 12 4 8.5 4 4 4 15 4
n.k.a.D.Product 6 12 2.5 1 6 6 10 14 6 6 13 2.5 10 10 15
f.u.g.i.ModifTableStockage 6 11 5 1 12 14 8 4 10 13 9 7 3 15 2
n.s.e.t.b.Request 3 10 1 7 9 15 5 2 12 13 8 6 4 14 11
n.s.e.l.l.ExtrasPatternParser 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
c.g.d.u.DBEHelper 7 12 8 11 6 14 5 3 13 10 9 2 1 15 4
o.h.s.u.l.i.LoggerFactory 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
MP3 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 15 7.5
c.e.s.SweetHome3D 2 10 6 7 11 13 8 5 12 14 9 4 1 15 3
c.e.s.j.Room3D 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
c.e.s.v.HomeController 6 11 9 7 5 15 10 3 12 13 8 1 2 14 4
c.e.s.v.RoomController 7 5 10 4 6 12 1 3 11 13 15 2 9 14 8
n.s.j.c.AbstractInstance 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
n.s.j.c.DenseInstance 7 7 7 7 7 15 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 7
n.s.j.c.DefaultDataset 7 11 6 8 10 13 3 3 12 14 9 1 5 15 3
n.s.j.c.Fold 12 6 6 6 6 15 6 6 6 6 6 13 14 6 6
n.s.j.c.Complex 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
n.s.j.t.d.ARFFHandler 15 14 6 4 11 2.5 1 7 8 12 9 2.5 5 10 13
o.z.x.XMLEncoder 10 12 5 2 11 15 6 1 4 13 9 7 3 14 8
m.w.AvailableJobsResponse 8 14 1 3 6 12.5 12.5 7 4 5 2 10 11 15 9
m.w.Fail 12 5 2.5 1 6 11 7 8 10 4 2.5 9 14 15 13
g.AudioManager 8 11 10 6 7 9 3 2 14 15 13 5 1 12 4
g.f.g.TabbedPane 7 12 9 6 11 9 4 3 13.5 13.5 9 2 1 15 5
o.o.s.c.u.u.FontChooserDialog 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 15 7.5
n.s.s.f.c.FSPathExplorer 2 1 10 13 8 6 4 7 14 12 11 3 5 15 9
n.s.s.f.FSPathResult 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
w.c.FindWithCapabilities 4 11 7 1 8 14 10 2 12 13 6 9 5 15 3
w.c.b.n.s.c.ICSSearchAlgorithm 13 14 2 7 11 10 4 3 5 15 8 6 1 12 9
w.c.Evaluation 11 14 6 7 9 15 4 3 5 10 8 2 1 13 12
n.s.j.m.a.e.MovePage 12.5 12.5 1 4 2 12.5 3 5 6 8 9 12.5 12.5 7 12.5
n.s.j.m.a.q.TemplateUserTitles 11 13 1 3 2 8 4 5 7 14.5 14.5 9 10 6 12
N.BatchDriver 10 13 1 5 11 9 2 6 12 15 14 4 3 8 7
Newzgrabber 4.5 11 9 8 12 4.5 3 6 13 14 10 2 1 15 7
o.a.c.l.BooleanUtils 5 10 8 7 9 15 6 4 12 13 11 2 1 14 3
o.a.c.l.LocaleUtils 10 11 1 6 12 15 3 2 9 13 7 5 4 14 8
o.a.c.l.t.DateUtils 3 11 8 7 10 15 6 4 12 13 9 2 1 14 5
o.a.c.l.t.DurationFormatUtils 1 2 9 10 4 3 5 7 13 14 6 12 8 15 11
o.a.c.l.ArrayUtils 3 12 10 9 4 15 6 8 14 5 11 2 1 13 7
o.a.c.l.Conversion 1 13 10 7 5 15 8 6 14 9 12 3 2 11 4
o.a.c.l.t.ExtendedMessageFormat 4 11 8 5 13 10 6 1 12 14 9 3 2 15 7
o.a.c.l.t.FastDateFormat 12 13 7 6 10 5 11 14 3 4 15 2 1 9 8
o.a.c.l.ClassUtils 12 14 5 6 9 15 4 3 11 10 8 2 1 13 7
o.a.c.l.Validate 11 13 6 8 1 15 2 3 12 10 9 7 4 14 5
o.a.c.l.b.CompareToBuilder 1 9 7 8 11 15 6 2 13 12 10 3 4 14 5
o.a.c.l.t.t.NumericEntityUnescaper 13 15 4 3 11 7 8 5 9 12 10 2 1 14 6
o.a.c.l.b.HashCodeBuilder 2 1 7 5 6 13 3 4 9 8 10 12 14 15 11
o.a.c.l.t.StrBuilder 2 12 10 9 5 15 4 7 13 8 11 3 1 14 6
c.g.j.j.ExploitAssigns 10 14 6 4 2 11 3 5 13 12 8 7 9 15 1
c.g.j.j.CheckGlobalThis 10 13 3 5 6 14 4 7 15 9 8 1 2 11 12
c.g.j.j.CollapseProperties 1 8 11 7 4 14 6 10 13 12 9 5 3 15 2
c.g.j.j.p.JsDocInfoParser 1 9 10 7 8 15 6 3 13 11 5 4 2 14 12
c.g.j.r.j.RecordType 14 13 4 5 10 15 7 3 9 12 6 2 1 11 8
c.g.j.j.ControlFlowAnalysis 10 13 6.5 5 8 15 4 3 11 12 9 2 1 14 6.5
c.g.j.j.PeepholeSubstituteAlternateSyntax 9 14 10 7 6 15 5 4 11 12 8 3 1 13 2
j.e.Salvar 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
j.e.Abrir 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
l.c.Game 5.5 5.5 12.5 5.5 5.5 1 10 5.5 11 5.5 12.5 5.5 5.5 15 14
l.c.p.Phase 6 6 13.5 6 6 6 6 6 13.5 13.5 13.5 6 6 6 6
u.m.j.j.s.Transition 4.5 4.5 9.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 15 12 4.5 12 14 9.5 12
c.i.c.ComboLeg 9 5.5 9 12.5 9 15 9 1.5 9 1.5 12.5 4 5.5 3 14
c.i.c.ExecutionFilter 10 11 13 7 7 7 4 9 14 12 15 4 1.5 4 1.5
o.d.j.DBUtil 11 14 7 8 6 15 4 3 12 10 9 2 1 13 5
o.d.j.SQLUtil 3 12 6 9 8 15 7 5 13 11 10 1 2 14 4
c.b.e.n.c.AuswertungGrafik 10.5 12 5 3 4 10.5 2 9 13 7 8 6 1 14 15
c.b.e.n.s.f.NaOpNuDaoService 14 15 4 6 9 10 8 5 11 12 7 3 1 13 2
o.s.i.b.IFXObject 8 12 6 2 5 9.5 4 1 11 14 9.5 7 3 15 13
Average 8.3 10.5 6.3 6.2 8.1 11.0 5.9 5.1 9.5 10.8 8.6 5.1 4.8 11.9 7.9
χ2=1444.49, p-value < 0.0001
CUT Random Search Random Testing Standard GA Monotonic GA Steady-State GA 1 + (λ, λ) EA (μ + λ) EA (μ, λ) EA Breeder GA Cellular GA CRO MOSA DynaMOSA LIPS MIO
Search budget of 60 seconds – Multiple-criteria
t.TederFrame 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
f.Fps370Panel 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 — 8
o.j.j.a.c.p.DefaultPhdReadTag 9 13 6 4 12 14 8 7 10 11 5 2 1 — 3
o.j.j.a.c.f.Distance 13 14 3.5 3.5 8 12 7 3.5 3.5 11 3.5 9 3.5 — 10
m.u.DisplayableListPanel 11 14 6 5 10 7 2 3 8 13 9 4 1 — 12
m.p.MacawWorkBench 11 14 5 3 8 10 2 1 9 12 7 6 4 — 13
n.s.l.LagoonCLI 4 10 6 5 12 13 8 7 9 14 11 2 1 — 3
n.s.l.LagoonGUI 1 6 7 3 13 5 2 8 12 14 10 11 9 — 4
i.BinaryCalculate 3 14 8 9 11 13 7 5 10 12 6 2 1 — 4
i.WhoIS 11 14 5 6 13 4 8 2 3 12 1 10 7 — 9
b.c.DefaultSettingsController 12 8 6 7 3 9 4 5 10 14 11 1 2 — 13
b.m.Drink 12 14 3 5 6 13 2 4 8 9 7 10 1 — 11
o.p.g.b.t.c.JPodThmbnailCallable 13 11 2 3 8 9 7 6 4 12 14 5 1 — 10
o.a.DefaultRepositoryManager 4 3 10 10 10 10 2 1 10 10 10 10 10 — 5
c.h.s.c.Base64 13 14 7 11 12 2 10 8 9 6 5 3 4 — 1
o.p.s.l.DefaultLuceneDocumentFactory 2 14 9 7 12 10 6 4 11 13 8 3 1 — 5
o.p.o.CreditCardInfo 14 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 13 6.5 6.5 6.5 — 6.5
c.i.s.HTMLFilter 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
v.h.m.a.CreateMovePdfAction 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 — 14
v.h.m.x.HandballModelReader 14 8 6 3 5 12 7 2 1 9 4 13 10.5 — 10.5
j.p.PlotAxis 14 13 3 4 6 12 1 2 8 7 5 11 10 — 9
d.t.u.w.a.CycleHandler 13 14 5 2 4 10 1 6 11 12 7 9 3 — 8
d.t.u.w.a.CategoryDescendantsIterator 12 14 7 10 11 8 9 4 5 13 6 1.5 1.5 — 3
d.t.u.w.a.WikipediaInfo 7 13 5 6 10 14 4 3 9 11 8 2 1 — 12
d.t.u.w.a.Title 12 13 8 4 10 5 3 6 9 14 11 1.5 1.5 — 7
o.j.c.p.XYPlot 1 13 3 4 7 14 8 10 6 2 5 11 9 — 12
o.j.c.r.c.AbstractCategoryItemRenderer 3 13 5 8 10 14 4 6 11 12 9 2 1 — 7
o.j.c.r.GrayPaintScale 14 13 2.5 2.5 7 10 2.5 5 9 11 2.5 7 7 — 12
o.j.c.p.MultiplePiePlot 11 13 8 5 10 14 4 3 9 12 7 2 1 — 6
o.j.c.p.ValueMarker 13 14 6 6 10 11 2 2 6 9 6 6 2 — 12
o.j.d.c.DefaultIntervalCategoryDataset 12 13 4 5 9 14 3 6 11 10 7 2 1 — 8
o.j.c.r.c.MinMaxCategoryRenderer 12 14 7 8 10 11 4 3 9 13 5 1 2 — 6
o.j.c.a.Axis 12 13 3 2 9 14 5 10 7 8 6 4 1 — 11
o.j.d.t.TimeSeries 3 13 5 7 11 14 6 4 10 12 9 2 1 — 8
o.j.c.r.c.StatisticalBarRenderer 8 13 5 6 10 14 4 3 9 11 7 1 2 — 12
o.j.d.t.TimePeriodValues 12 14 5 4 9 13 3 6 8 11 7 2 1 — 10
o.j.d.g.DatasetUtilities 3 13 5 6 8 14 4 7 9 10 11 2 1 — 12
c.b.e.c.t.MessageList 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
c.g.c.b.Joiner 14 13 4 7 5 12 2 3 10 9 6 1 11 — 8
c.g.c.m.BigIntegerMath 12 14 8 3 2 13 5 10 7 9 6 4 1 — 11
c.g.c.b.Utf8 12 14 4 3 9 13 5 7 8 10 6 2 1 — 11
c.g.c.b.Splitter 7 14 8 6 10 13 4 5 11 12 9 2 1 — 3
c.g.c.b.Suppliers 8 14 4 5 7 13 6 12 10 11 9 1 2 — 3
c.g.c.b.CharMatcher 3 14 4 5 9 13 6 11 8 10 7 2 1 — 12
c.g.c.c.CacheBuilderSpec 5 13 7 8 10 14 4 6 11 12 9 2 1 — 3
c.g.c.b.Predicates 3 14 2 6 10 13 5 11 8 9 7 1 4 — 12
c.g.c.b.SmallCharMatcher 13 14 8 3 10 11 7 5 4 9 6 2 1 — 12
c.g.c.u.c.Monitor 8 9 6 7 12 14 3 5 10 11 13 2 1 — 4
s.C.g.ConsumerGUI 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
s.C.ConsumerAgent 1 9 8 7 13 14 5 4 11 10 12 3 2 — 6
c.a.i.u.MainMenu 6.5 14 1 6.5 6.5 6.5 11 2.5 6.5 10 2.5 12 6.5 — 13
c.a.i.u.XmlElement 12 13 3 5 7 14 10 11 8 6 4 2 1 — 9
c.w.s.XPathLexer 3 14 4 6 9 13 5 10 7 11 8 2 1 — 12
o.s.Axis 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
Menu 13 3.5 10 7.5 12 7.5 9 5.5 11 14 5.5 1.5 1.5 — 3.5
Convert 6 14 7 9 11 10 4 5 13 12 8 2 1 — 3
Capture 14 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 — 7
o.j.l.UserManagement 3 13 7 8 11 14 5 6 9 10 12 2 1 — 4
o.j.l.Login 4 13 3 6 9 14 5 7 10 11 8 2 1 — 12
o.j.l.p.FromClient 8 14 10 5 13 6 7 11 9 12 4 2 1 — 3
j.Main 2 14 5 11 9 13 8 12 7 4 6 10 1 — 3
j.Variable 1 14 2 9 5 6 10 4 8 7 3 12 11 — 13
f.u.StringUtils 14 13 6 7 5 12 2 3 9 10 8 4 1 — 11
f.u.j.JDBCUtils 5 13 7 8 11 14 3 4 10 12 9 2 1 — 6
o.j.t.MutablePeriod 12 13 1 5 3 14 2 4 8 7 6 11 9 — 10
o.j.t.c.BasicMonthOfYearDateTimeField 12 13 5 6 8 14 3 4 9 10 7 2 1 — 11
o.j.t.MutableDateTime 12 13 5 7 8 14 2 4 10 11 9 3 1 — 6
o.j.t.b.BaseSingleFieldPeriod 13 12 4 8 3 14 2 5 11 10 9 1 6 — 7
o.j.t.DateTimeZone 11 13 4 6 7 14 3 5 9 10 8 2 1 — 12
o.j.t.f.DateTimeFormatterBuilder 1 13 3 4 8 14 5 10 6 9 7 11 2 — 12
o.j.t.Period 12 13 4 6 7 14 3 5 9 10 8 2 1 — 11
o.j.t.t.ZoneInfoCompiler 8 14 7 6 10 13 2 4 9 12 5 3 1 — 11
o.j.t.c.LimitChronology 12 13 6 5 10 14 3 4 9 11 8 2 1 — 7
o.j.t.f.PeriodFormatterBuilder 2 13 3 6 9 14 5 11 7 10 8 4 1 — 12
o.j.t.f.DateTimeFormatter 12 13 5 7 8 14 4 3 9 11 10 2 1 — 6
o.j.t.Partial 11 13 3 4 9 14 5 7 6 10 8 2 1 — 12
o.j.t.b.BasePeriod 13 12 4 8 9 14 3 6 11 10 7 1 2 — 5
o.f.j.FBProcedureCall 12 14 5 6 10 13 7 3 8 11 4 2 1 — 9
o.f.e.EncodingFactory 3 13 5 6 9 14 4 7 10 12 8 2 1 — 11
o.m.j.Parser 3 13 4 6 10 14 5 11 9 8 7 2 1 — 12
c.y.p.y.c.ScriptOrFnScope 13 14 4 3 8 11 2 1 7 9 5 10 6 — 12
c.s.m.s.a.s.J2EEApplicationAlias 14 12 6 5 11 13 3 7 9 10 8 1 2 — 4
c.s.m.s.a.s.HeapInfo 14 13 6 4 11 12 9 2 8 10 5 7 3 — 1
d.c.g.InternalChatFrame 11 12 2 3 10 8 5 4 7 13 6 9 1 — 14
d.s.Handler 1 5 8 9 11 14 4 6 10 12 13 3 2 — 7
b.u.Queue 14 9 10 13 4 11 7 12 1.5 8 6 3 5 — 1.5
b.o.Verse 14 10 6 5 7 13 2 4 9 12 8 3 1 — 11
c.n.ForwardingObserver 6 5 12 11 14 4 8 7 9 13 10 2 1 — 3
s.ServerGameModel 1 2 7 11 11 14 7 7 11 11 11 4 5 — 3
c.l.s.c.SimpleComboBox 11 14 5 8 6 9 2 4 10 12 7 1 3 — 13
c.l.i.DirectoryScanner 3 13 6 5 10 14 4 7 9 12 8 2 1 — 11
c.l.e.SimpleKeyListenerHelper 13 14 5 7 10 9 6 4 11 12 8 2.5 1 — 2.5
u.c.s.JSJshop 7 8 14 12.5 12.5 6 3 2 9 10 11 5 1 — 4
u.c.s.JSTerm 11 13 2 4 7 14 10 9 1 5 6 8 3 — 12
u.c.s.JSPredicateForm 12 13 4 5 9 14 10 11 8 7 6 2 1 — 3
u.c.s.JSState 13 14 8 10 5 12 4 3 6 9 7 1 2 — 11
n.s.l.d.TimeOfDay 13 14 4 4 4 11 4 4 4 10 8 9 4 — 12
o.j.Expression 2 13 6 7 12 14 3 4 11 9 10 5 1 — 8
d.o.f.s.BattleStatistics 10 13 5 7 12 14 4 3 9 11 8 2 1 — 6
d.o.f.m.i.SimpleSector 10 14 8 7 12 13 4 5 9 11 6 1 2 — 3
b.battlecryGUI 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
b.bcGenerator 2 12 8 6 14 11 5 4 9 13 10 7 1 — 3
e.m.c.j.JCLO 4 13 7 8 11 14 6 5 9 12 10 2 1 — 3
c.l.p.k.s.f.i.FilterMapping 4 14 7 9 11 13 6 5 10 12 8 2 1 — 3
c.l.p.d.m.DLSyncWrapper 13 14 4 1 2 11 10 5 6 8 7 3 9 — 12
d.p.e.e.ExplorerFrameEventConverter 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
d.p.e.m.AttributeModelComparator 12 14 3 5 8 13 4 2 10 11 1 6 7 — 9
c.f.TucsonSimple 11 14 5 4 12 6 10 9 8 13 3 2 1 — 7
c.p.j.t.JVCParserTokenManager 1 9 7 8 12 14 5 4 11 10 13 3 2 — 6
c.p.j.t.JVCParser 10 13 7 6 12 14 5 3 9 11 8 1 2 — 4
c.p.j.t.TokenMgrError 13 14 3 1 11 7 9 6 8 12 5 10 4 — 2
w.a.ClassWriter 11 14 3 4 9 13 8 5 7 10 6 2 1 — 12
w.a.FieldWriter 12 14 6 5 11 13 9 4 7 10 8 3 1 — 2
w.a.ClassReader 4 14 7 5 12 13 8 3 9 11 10 2 1 — 6
f.v.n.t.o.f.DaikonFormatter 5 14 7 8 12 13 10 3 9 11 6 2 1 — 4
J.F.FoxHuntFrame 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
J.F.HuntDisplay 13 14 4 6 1 12 5 2 8 7 3 10 9 — 11
n.s.x.b.c.MessageHandler 7 13 3 6 9 10 2 1 8 14 5 11 4 — 12
n.s.x.b.c.r.XBUSClassLoader 11 12 2 4 13 3 1 7 6 14 9 8 5 — 10
o.t.Region 14 13 5.5 5.5 5.5 11 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 — 12
m.s.SSHSCPGUIThread 4 10 7 8 9 14 6 5 11 12 13 2 1 — 3
d.p.c.DefaultChart 7 13 9 3 11 12 8 5 10 14 6 4 2 — 1
d.p.c.CoordSystemUtilities 7 13 5 6 11 14 4 3 10 12 9 2 1 — 8
n.s.s.c.p.GlobalPreferencesSheet 13 14 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 — 6.5
n.s.s.f.g.CascadeInternalFramePositioner 7 13 6 8 9 11 5 4 10 12 2 1 3 — 14
d.d.p.ArgsParser 3 14 9 8 12 10 7 5 11 13 6 2 1 — 4
n.s.s.m.Table 7 9 5 6 11 13 4 3 10 14 8 2 1 — 12
n.s.s.m.x.TableMeta 11 10 2 6 5 9 1 3 12 14 4 7 8 — 13
a.p.t.JDayChooser 10 13 4 3 5 14 7 8 1 2 6 11 9 — 12
h.HttpAnalyzerView 1 14 5.5 9 11 2.5 2.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 9 12 9 — 13
h.Password 13 14 9.5 9.5 3 6 9.5 6 3 9.5 6 1 3 — 12
f.p.j.g.a.IndexFileAction 12 14 9 6 11 10 3 7 4 13 5 2 1 — 8
f.p.j.g.v.JTailPanel 11 9 6 1 14 3 4 2 10 13 5 8 7 — 12
o.t.s.e.turkishStemmer 2 14 5 6 9 13 4 10 7 11 8 3 1 — 12
o.t.s.e.englishStemmer 3 13 4 6 9 14 5 12 8 11 7 2 1 — 10
o.t.s.e.italianStemmer 2 14 4 6 12 13 5 9 8 11 10 3 1 — 7
J.m.s.ExpressionParser 14 13 4 5 9 12 2 7 8 11 6 3 1 — 10
J.m.s.SimpleCharStream 14 12 5 8 10 13 3 4 7 9 6 1 2 — 11
J.m.SpecialMath 14 12 6 7 9 13 1 2 10 11 8 4 3 — 5
n.v.a.g.r.RobotRenderer 11 13 6 7 10 12 4 3 8 14 5 2 1 — 9
n.v.a.r.Robot 8 13 5 6 9 14 2 4 12 11 10 3 1 — 7
o.e.j.n.s.SocketRequestInfo 14 13 1 4 8 12 9 2 7 11 3 5 6 — 10
o.e.j.n.c.DefaultConnectionPool 3 10 7 9 11 14 4 5 12 13 8 6 1 — 2
o.j.Verifier 8 13 4 6 9 14 3 5 10 11 7 2 1 — 12
o.j.t.JDOMResult 13 14 2 4 11 12 1 5 3 10 8 7 6 — 9
o.j.u.NamespaceStack 8 14 6 9 11 13 4 3 10 12 7 2 1 — 5
o.j.o.XMLOutputter 12 13 5 8 7 14 4 6 11 10 9 2 1 — 3
o.j.o.SAXOutputter 10 13 5 7 8 14 3 4 11 12 9 2 1 — 6
c.s.C.J.J.JavaCharStream 12 13 4 6 10 14 5 7 9 11 8 2 1 — 3
c.s.C.J.JMCAAnalyzer 3 13 7 4 14 11 9 5 6 10 12 2 1 — 8
o.f.m.Library 3 6 10.5 13 10.5 5 8 7 10.5 14 10.5 4 2 — 1
o.f.m.v.TreeView 2 14 11.5 11.5 11.5 6 5 7 8 9 11.5 3 1 — 4
c.m.r.i.AbstractResources 5 14 3 4 9 7 2 6 1 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 — 8
c.d.r.s.t.WebServiceDescriptor 13 14 5.5 5.5 11 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 12 5.5 5.5 5.5 — 5.5
i.s.n.ClientGroup 12 13 5 7 11 14 10 2 6 8 3 4 1 — 9
s.Purchase 10 14 6 4 11 2 3 1 7 12 8 9 5 — 13
s.VassalRebellion 7 14 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 — 7
s.Battle 13 14 10.5 8 10.5 4 5.5 7 5.5 10.5 10.5 1.5 1.5 — 3
o.j.w.f.a.BasicHttpAuthenticationFilter 13 14 5 4 3 12 1 7 8 6 2 10 9 — 11
o.j.u.AntPathMatcher 3 13 7 9 10 14 5 6 11 12 8 2 1 — 4
o.a.c.c.l.DoubleMetaphone 7 13 3 5 10 14 4 9 8 11 6 2 1 — 12
g.t.m.h.TByteObjectHashMap 11 14 1 2 5 13 8 9 7 6 3 10 4 — 12
g.t.m.h.TFloatObjectHashMap 10 14 2 7 5 13 8 11 4 6 3 9 1 — 12
g.t.m.h.TByteFloatHashMap 11 13 1 4 7 14 2 10 5 8 6 9 3 — 12
g.t.i.h.TFloatDoubleHash 12 14 5 4 6 13 8 10 7 9 3 2 1 — 11
g.t.d.TDoubleShortMapDecorator 14 13 3 5 8 12 4 1 7 9 2 10 6 — 11
g.t.l.l.TDoubleLinkedList 11 13 1 2 7 14 5 9 3 8 6 10 4 — 12
g.t.i.h.TFloatCharHash 13 14 2 4 9 12 7 3 8 10 5 6 1 — 11
g.t.i.h.TShortHash 14 12 6 5 7 13 9 10 3 8 4 2 1 — 11
g.t.d.TShortByteMapDecorator 14 12 2 6 7 13 4 1 9 10 5 8 3 — 11
o.a.c.m.o.u.BrentOptimizer 12 14 3 5 11 10 1 2 7 13 6 9 4 — 8
o.a.c.m.o.d.CMAESOptimizer 3 9 7 8 13 14 5 6 11 12 10 2 1 — 4
o.a.c.m.a.FunctionUtils 1 13 8 6 10 14 5 11 9 12 7 4 2 — 3
o.a.c.m.o.l.SimplexTableau 12 14 3 4 9 13 7 6 8 10 5 2 1 — 11
o.a.c.m.g.e.t.Rotation 11 14 5 6 7 13 2 4 9 10 8 3 1 — 12
o.a.c.m.l.MatrixUtils 10 13 2 3 8 14 4 11 6 9 5 7 1 — 12
o.a.c.m.g.e.o.IntervalsSet 13 14 5 3 7 12 4 8 9 10 6 2 1 — 11
o.a.c.m.d.HypergeometricDistribution 14 13 7 1 8 12 6 2 9 11 5 10 4 — 3
o.a.c.m.a.i.TricubicSplineInterpolatingFunction 3 13 5 6 12 14 9 10 8 11 7 2 1 — 4
o.a.c.m.o.n.EmbeddedRungeKuttaIntegrator 14 13 1 3 2 9 4 7 6 8 5 10 11 — 12
o.a.c.m.u.MultidimensionalCounter 12 13 7 5 8 14 4 3 10 11 9 2 1 — 6
o.a.c.m.o.g.LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer 9 12 6 8 11 7 2 5 10 14 4 3 1 — 13
o.a.c.m.f.ProperFractionFormat 12 14 5 2 8 13 6 10 9 7 4 3 1 — 11
o.a.c.m.l.SchurTransformer 7 14 4 2 6 13 8 9 5 3 1 10 11 — 12
o.a.c.m.d.f.MultivariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization 3 13 6 10 11 14 4 5 7 12 8 2 1 — 9
o.a.c.m.f.Fraction 12 14 7 9 8 13 4 5 11 10 6 1 2 — 3
o.a.c.m.o.AbstractIntegrator 7 14 6 8 9 13 5 12 11 10 3 4 2 — 1
o.a.c.m.l.RectangularCholeskyDecomposition 13 14 2 1 9 5 6 7 3 8 4 10 11 — 12
c.b.o.h.i.r.ExpressionImpl 13 14 1 5 4 11 2 3 7 8 6 10 12 — 9
c.b.a.User 14 12 6 3 8 13 1 5 10 11 7 9 2 — 4
o.h.m.s.AdvSearchDAO 9 14 6 5 11 13 3 4 10 12 8 2 1 — 7
o.h.u.InterfaceUtilitiesBean 13 14 2 7 10 12 6 4.5 9 11 4.5 1 8 — 3
g.b.Block 13 12 4 2 11 14 6 3 8 10 7 1 9 — 5
g.a.GroupAgent 12 13 5 6 9 14 4 3 7 11 8 1 2 — 10
o.q.n.s.i.NonBlockingClientHandler 2 13 6 7 11 14 5 8 9 10 12 3 1 — 4
o.q.n.s.i.BlockingClientHandler 3 9 7 8 12 14 5 6 13 10 11 2 1 — 4
o.q.u.x.QuickServerConfig 12 14 5 1 4 13 3 6 7 9 2 8 10 — 11
c.a.a.u.s.s.SWTSkinObjectContainer 2 8 7 6 13 11 9 5 10 14 12 3 1 — 4
c.a.a.u.s.f.FeatureManagerUIListener 1 3 11 14 11 6 8 7 11 11 11 5 4 — 2
jgaapGUI 2 5 9 13 11 8 4 7 12 14 10 3 1 — 6
c.j.v.ClassInfo 11 13 5 6 10 14 3 4 8 12 7 2 1 — 9
c.j.v.ClassViewer 14 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
n.s.x.i.OperationsHelperImpl 13 14 7 6 8 10 5 2 9 11 4 3 1 — 12
j.i.l.LevelSetNudge 1 14 10 4 7 13 9 6 11 12 5 3 2 — 8
j.i.o.ConnectedComponents 11 14 4 2 10 13 6 7 8 12 3 9 1 — 5
j.i.o.l.Clip 12 14 5 7 6 13 3 4 9 10 8 2 1 — 11
j.i.o.Shift 9 13 8 5 11 14 4 6 10 12 7 2 1 — 3
Scanner 8 14 11 5 7 6 4 3 12 13 10 2 1 — 9
c.p.t.c.a.FileText 12 14 8 5 10 13 6 4 7 11 2 3 1 — 9
c.p.t.c.u.ScopeUtils 11 14 5 8 4 13 3 1 9 10 7 2 6 — 12
c.p.t.c.a.AbstractLoader 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 8 8 8 8 8 — 8
c.p.t.c.a.AutomaticBean 13 14 10 2 9 4.5 11 12 7 7 7 3 1 — 4.5
c.p.t.c.a.FileContents 11 13 5 6 12 14 7 3 8 10 4 2 1 — 9
c.p.t.c.u.AnnotationUtility 13 14 3 8 4 10 2 1 9 11 7 6 5 — 12
o.o.a.j.c.LocalVariablesSorter 11 13 5 3 12 14 6 7 8 10 9 2 1 — 4
c.m.t.p.r.Profile 9 14 8 6 12 13 4 5 10 11 7 2 1 — 3
o.o.a.j.ClassReader 7 14 4 10 11 13 5 3 6 8 9 2 1 — 12
o.o.a.j.MethodWriter 3 13 4 6 12 14 8 7 9 10 11 2 1 — 5
o.s.m.OAuthConfig 14 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 1.5 1.5 6.5 11 13 12 6.5 6.5 — 6.5
o.s.m.Response 14 13 7 8 10 2 9 3 5 12 1 6 4 — 11
o.s.m.Request 14 13 8 7 5 12 4 3 9 10 6 2 1 — 11
o.s.m.Token 14 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 — 13
o.s.m.Verifier 13 14 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 11.5 11.5 5 5 — 10
o.s.m.OAuthRequest 13 14 4.5 4.5 10 8 6 3 11 12 9 7 1.5 — 1.5
g.g.m.AddressToUsAddressFunctor 12 13 3 7 9 10 2 1 8 14 6 4 5 — 11
g.g.d.GeoStatusCode 4 6 12 8 7 9 10 5 13 14 11 3 1 — 2
t.GeoQuery 14 13 8 4 10 12 7 6 9 11 5 2 1 — 3
t.TwitterBaseImpl 11 13 3 4 7 14 9 10 6 8 5 2 1 — 12
t.OEmbedRequest 13 14 8 5 12 11 6 4 9 10 7 2 1 — 3
t.TwitterImpl 2 13 1 3 7 14 8 10 4 5 6 11 9 — 12
t.TwitterException 5 14 7 6 11 13 3 4 10 12 9 1 2 — 8
t.ExceptionDiagnosis 13 14 9 8 10 5 12 6 7 11 4 3 2 — 1
t.Paging 14 13 3 8 10 12 2 6 9 11 5 4 7 — 1
o.a.c.c.l.TreeList 12 13 3 4 11 14 6 5 7 10 8 2 1 — 9
o.a.c.c.s.SequencesComparator 9 14 6 8 11 13 4 7 10 12 5 2 1 — 3
o.a.c.c.p.ArrayByteList 14 13 1 3 9 12 4 5 7 10 8 6 2 — 11
o.a.l.s.e.c.NamedCollatorComparator 13 12 6 7 9 14 4 2 10 11 1 3 8 — 5
o.a.l.s.e.ExposedTimSort 4 14 9 8 12 13 5 6 11 10 7 2 1 — 3
d.s.s.s.h.InteractionAdjuster 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 7 7 7 7 7 7 — 7
d.b.s.h.IndexedString 13 14 7 11 10 12 6 3 8 4 9 5 1 — 2
d.b.s.StringIncrementor 13 14 5 3 9 12 8 4 6 10 7 2 1 — 11
n.s.b.r.MethodReflectionCriteria 3 13 8 6 12 14 7 9 11 10 5 1.5 1.5 — 4
n.s.b.r.ReflectionSearch 9 14 12 7 8 3 10 13 5 6 11 2 1 — 4
n.k.a.D.Product 12 13 1 8 5 14 5 5 2 9 5 10 5 — 11
f.u.g.i.ModifTableStockage 4 14 1 3 9 13 11 10 8 6 5 7 2 — 12
n.s.e.t.b.Request 14 12 3 6 8 13 4 5 9 10 7 2 1 — 11
n.s.e.l.l.ExtrasPatternParser 7 14 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 — 7
c.g.d.u.DBEHelper 3 14 5 7 8 13 4 6 9 11 10 2 1 — 12
o.h.s.u.l.i.LoggerFactory 13 14 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 — 6.5
MP3 5.5 5.5 5.5 12 14 5.5 12 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 12 5.5 — 5.5
c.e.s.SweetHome3D 1 7 8 9 12 14 5 6 11 10 13 3 2 — 4
c.e.s.j.Room3D 14 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 — 7
c.e.s.v.HomeController 1 11 6 8 13 14 4 5 9 10 12 3 2 — 7
c.e.s.v.RoomController 8 10 5 6 11 12 7 4 9 14 13 3 2 — 1
n.s.j.c.AbstractInstance 13 14 3 6 9 12 4 2 11 10 5 1 7 — 8
n.s.j.c.DenseInstance 12 14 1 3 8 13 6 4 9 11 2 10 5 — 7
n.s.j.c.DefaultDataset 12 14 5 3 8 13 6 4 9 10 7 2 1 — 11
n.s.j.c.Fold 13 12 5 7 8 14 1 4 10 11 9 3 2 — 6
n.s.j.c.Complex 11 14 6 8 3 7 9 2 4 5 10 12 1 — 13
n.s.j.t.d.ARFFHandler 13 14 7 4 11 6 10 8 3 12 5 2 1 — 9
o.z.x.XMLEncoder 14 12 6 7 11 13 4 5 9 10 8 2 1 — 3
m.w.AvailableJobsResponse 14 11 9 7 10 12 8 4 5 13 3 1 6 — 2
m.w.Fail 14 12 1 5 9 13 4 2 3 7 6 10 8 — 11
g.AudioManager 9 11 7 4 14 13 6 3 8 12 10 1 2 — 5
g.f.g.TabbedPane 12 14 8 5 9 6 10 3 11 13 7 2 1 — 4
o.o.s.c.u.u.FontChooserDialog 2 3.5 10 11 13 7 7 1 12 14 7 3.5 5 — 9
n.s.s.f.c.FSPathExplorer 7 14 6 10 3 12 5 8 9 11 13 2 1 — 4
n.s.s.f.FSPathResult 14 10 7 5 8 11 2 3 12 13 9 6 1 — 4
w.c.FindWithCapabilities 2 14 4 6 11 13 5 9 8 12 7 3 1 — 10
w.c.b.n.s.c.ICSSearchAlgorithm 5 12 7 8 13 14 6 4 10 11 9 2 1 — 3
w.c.Evaluation 8 14 3 5 10 13 4 11 7 9 6 2 1 — 12
n.s.j.m.a.e.MovePage 13 14 1 6 8 10 2 5 9 11 4 3 7 — 12
n.s.j.m.a.q.TemplateUserTitles 11 13 3 1 6 9 4 2 12 14 5 8 7 — 10
N.BatchDriver 8 12 14 2 7 6 5 3 9 13 11 4 1 — 10
Newzgrabber 3 7 9 8 14 10 6 11 13 12 5 2 1 — 4
o.a.c.l.BooleanUtils 12 13 5 6 8 14 4 3 9 10 7 2 1 — 11
o.a.c.l.LocaleUtils 9 13 6 8 10 14 4 3 11 12 7 2 1 — 5
o.a.c.l.t.DateUtils 9 13 5 6 8 14 3 4 7 11 10 2 1 — 12
o.a.c.l.t.DurationFormatUtils 13 14 4 3 6 12 8 5 7 9 2 1 10 — 11
o.a.c.l.ArrayUtils 1 13 2 3 6 14 8 9 4 7 5 11 10 — 12
o.a.c.l.Conversion 6 13 3 4 8 14 5 11 7 9 10 2 1 — 12
o.a.c.l.t.ExtendedMessageFormat 4 14 7 8 9 13 6 5 11 10 12 2 1 — 3
o.a.c.l.t.FastDateFormat 14 12 6 8 3 13 1 5 9 7 4 11 10 — 2
o.a.c.l.ClassUtils 9 13 4 6 11 14 3 5 8 10 7 2 1 — 12
o.a.c.l.Validate 12 13 6 7 5 14 3 4 10 8 9 2 1 — 11
o.a.c.l.b.CompareToBuilder 3 13 4 5 7 14 8 11 9 10 6 2 1 — 12
o.a.c.l.t.t.NumericEntityUnescaper 7 14 9 10 11 13 12 6 8 5 4 2 1 — 3
o.a.c.l.b.HashCodeBuilder 13 14 3 5 7 12 1 2 8 9 6 10 4 — 11
o.a.c.l.t.StrBuilder 8 13 1 2 4 14 7 9 3 6 5 11 10 — 12
c.g.j.j.ExploitAssigns 10 14 6 7 11 12 5 3 9 13 8 4 2 — 1
c.g.j.j.CheckGlobalThis 8 12 5 7 10 13 4 3 9 14 6 2 1 — 11
c.g.j.j.CollapseProperties 1 14 7 8 12 9 6 5 10 13 11 3 2 — 4
c.g.j.j.p.JsDocInfoParser 1 13 7 6 12 14 4 5 9 10 11 3 2 — 8
c.g.j.r.j.RecordType 5 14 10 8 12 13 7 4 9 11 6 2 1 — 3
c.g.j.j.ControlFlowAnalysis 3 13 7 8 12 14 5 4 9 11 10 2 1 — 6
c.g.j.j.PeepholeSubstituteAlternateSyntax 3 13 7 8 12 14 4 5 9 10 11 2 1 — 6
j.e.Salvar 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 — 7.5
j.e.Abrir 10 14 6.5 8 11 3.5 5 9 6.5 13 3.5 1.5 1.5 — 12
l.c.Game 14 12 4 4 8 11 4 9 4 10 4 4 4 — 13
l.c.p.Phase 14 10 3.5 3.5 3.5 7.5 3.5 3.5 7.5 13 9 3.5 11 — 12
u.m.j.j.s.Transition 14 13 1 8 5 11 2 7 9 6 3 4 10 — 12
c.i.c.ComboLeg 14 11 8 2 4 13 7 10 6 12 5 3 1 — 9
c.i.c.ExecutionFilter 14 12 9 5 11 13 6 3 8 10 4 2 1 — 7
o.d.j.DBUtil 7 13 5 6 11 14 3 4 9 10 12 2 1 — 8
o.d.j.SQLUtil 12 13 5 6 8 14 3 4 11 10 9 2 1 — 7
c.b.e.n.c.AuswertungGrafik 12 14 5 2 11 9 10 6 3 4 1 8 7 — 13
c.b.e.n.s.f.NaOpNuDaoService 12 14 7 8 9 13 6 3 10 11 4 1 2 — 5
o.s.i.b.IFXObject 13 14 8 5 11 9 6 3 10 12 7 2 1 — 4
Average 9.1 12.3 5.6 6.1 8.9 11.3 5.3 5.6 8.2 10.2 7.1 4.3 3.2 — 7.9
χ2=1761.77, p-value = 0
CUT Random Search Random Testing Standard GA Monotonic GA Steady-State GA 1 + (λ, λ) EA (μ + λ) EA (μ, λ) EA Breeder GA Cellular GA CRO MOSA DynaMOSA LIPS MIO